Threshold: A point or level at which new properties emerge in an
ecological, economic, or other system, invalidating predictions
based on mathematical relationships that apply at lower levels. For
example, species diversity of a landscape may decline steadily with
increasing habitat degradation to a certain point, then fall sharply
after a critical threshold of degradation is reached. Human behavior,
especially at group levels, sometimes exhibits threshold effects.
Thresholds at which irreversible changes occur are especially of concern
to decision-makers.
Resilience: The level of disturbance that an ecosystem can undergo
without crossing a threshold to a situation with different structure
or outputs. Resilience depends on ecological dynamics as well as the
organizational and institutional capacity to understand, manage, and
respond to these dynamics.
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